I rode my motorcycle around the valley in the days after the storm.
Sandbars of brown silt still scarring local roads. Guardrails dented and mangled where trees had fallen across, now cleared away.
One such tree had come down across State Route 4 just a few feet away from the house built by Ole Dosland - a Norwegin immigrant who got a contract to use his team of horses to grade the road that would cut right through his farm.
Clouds clung to the treetops along the steep slopes of the Willapa Hills, the field of the green flat land on either side of the Grays River, still obscured by trapped floodwater waiting to either drain down into saturated soils or evaporate into saturated air.
A quarter mile from my house a sign warned of a road closure on KM mountain. A slide of rain-saturated earth liquified and oozed across the road January 23rd, taking dozens of trees with it.
The slide was so great - 55,000 cubic yards of earth and rock - stretching so far up the steep hill, that it was quickly determined that the cleanup would stretch weeks and months. Thus a major transportation route toward the outside world cut off for the foreseeable future.
So tenuous are our roads this close to the end of the world that we do well not to take them for granted.
Highways are latecomers to this part of southwest Washington. Roads do not belong here in the rainforest -- the fact that they exist is a mark of human tenacity.
For the first 100 years of European settlement the transportation pathways of choice utilized the many rivers to transport goods and people inland from the larger world. Steamers ran regular routes connecting farm communities at riverside landings. Railroads cut deep into woods to haul out lumber, only to dump the logs into the river.
Milk from early 20th century dairies was often taken by skiff to the local creamery. The “school bus” was a boat that delivered students to the steps up the riverbank before the bell rang.
Victorian tourists traveled down from Portland to their Seaview beach houses on the Columbia, meeting up with a clamshell railroad that “ran by the tides” from the Ilwaco docks.
Rivers and creeks and bays -- such obvious natural highways predated European settlement. Well established and understood by the Chinook speaking people of the region - sophisticated traders that used the coastal waterways and Columbia River as their economic artery to barter with inland nations.
Early settlers watched the native people navigate the rivers to maximum effect and conceived of a canal to connect the Puget Sound to the Columbia River -- a wild infrastructure dream that started in the 1860s and kicked around for 100 years. Private surveyors planned a canal route in early 1910. Two canals would cross relatively narrow stretches of land between Baker Bay and Willapa Bay and between Willapa Bay and Grays Harbor.
Eventually, cranberry and oyster growers in Pacific and Grays Harbor counties put an end to the talk. Cranberry growers feared losing the high water tables needed to produce their crops while the oyster growers knew the freshwater pouring into the bays would change the salinity and ruin their industry. Fishermen worried about losing spawning grounds.
Even so, the canal dream persisted until 1977 when lawmakers consolidated the state canal commission with other agencies into the Department of Transportation.
These days the Department of Transportation is busy working to clean up that massive slide on KM -- restoring uninterrupted travel on State Route 4 while trying to repair other storm damage up and down the coast.
We tend to think of these vital roadways as ever-present -- we take them for granted as our commute to and from work depend increasingly on jobs miles away from home.
However, State Route 4 is fairly new, and if you think creating a massive canal between Seattle and the Columbia river sounds far fetched, that idea becomes laughable when you realize how difficult it was just to cut a two lane road through the forest from Longview to Long Beach.
At the turn of the 20th century regular steamship traffic on the rivers adjacent to the Columbia were kept busy serving the little farm and fishing and communities growing up in the valleys still mostly separated by the steep rain-soaked and forested Willapa Hills.
Yet in those days, it was easier to go from Deep River to Astoria than travel the four miles as the crow flies over to Grays River. As the communities thrived with new settlers, demand for roads to connect these communities grew.
Earliest roads were hand-cut through forest, sometimes with volunteer work crews from local towns taking on the job. These “volunteer roads” slowly connected communities. Bridges -- first of wood -- later of steel and concrete -- forded rivers and plank roads crossed marshy shifting soils. The ingenuity required by logging operations to erect railroad trestles deep into the forest was applied to grading and bridging the “Hungry Highway” from Naselle to Knapton as well as other gravel roads that -- at their best -- were still seasonal and unreliable.
Winter storms brought downed trees, landslides and washouts. Roads here have always been a battle between steep forested grades and flat flood-prone lowlands.
As local roads were puzzle-pieced together through the woods and along the Columbia river -- the road across KM mountain was the missing link connecting the coast to the booming planned city of Longview.
The original State Route 19 wasn’t connected from Longview to Long Beach until 1933 and wasn’t fully paved all the way until 1939.
State Route 4 hugs the Columbia river until it cuts inland at Skamokawa, choosing to climb up over KM rather than continue along the shoreline.
Why this route was chosen dates back to an early Grays River entrepreneur William Meserve.
To say Meserve had a store in Grays River is a bit of an understatement. Built in the 1890s to serve the river traffic on the Grays, Meserves’ store had a theater, bowling alley, barbershop and post office. Daily steamship traffic brought goods to the store and hauled away goods from the surrounding farms.
Meserve was a state lawmaker by the time the route for the highway was proposed. Early surveys planned to follow the river between Skamokawa and Megler -- the shortest route -- leaving the farms of the Grays River Valley isolated. As a state senator, Meserve lobbied for a route that would take it inland through the valley past his farm and his store, and continuing through to Deep River and Naselle.
While the politics between a river route and KM route tussled in Olympia, early motorists took matters into their own hands with a caravan over KM. Lead by Longview resident Gus Hafenbrack, the August 1924 expedition required the motorists to put their cars on a logging railroad car to cross KM. The next year the logging company had pulled up the rails the expedition had to drive their cars on rail-tie trestles over 200 foot canyons with no guard rails.
Yet each summer the journey between Longview and Long Beach got a little easier. State contracts and money started flowing. Plank roads gave way to graded rock. Ferries were replaced by swing bridges and finally arcing concrete built high enough to allow commercial river traffic.
The story of State Route 4 isn’t of a single road, nor is it a single story, it is a hundred little roads, surveyed and abandoned, cut through forests by ambitious local volunteers and depression era works projects. It was built and moved and built again.
It is still being built and rebuilt to this day. Frequent rockslides east of Cathlamet pound pavement into a pockmarked shambles each winter. Slides force commuters back to the ferries or to detours deep in the woods.
All the roads in this temperate rainforest suffer winter’s rage of a thousand cuts.
Vital roads seem so much more permanent now that we rely on them for our daily commute.
Yet, that same battle rages on every winter, with state and county road crews fighting skirmishes with every soil-saturating Pineapple Express and tree-toppling windstorm.
Winter rains here are brutal on roads, and the roads and bridges that we take for granted suffer as a result. It is easy for us to become impatient, and to second guess heroic efforts just to keep the way open.
Yet floods and slides and broken roads are just a price we willingly pay to live where the rivers meet steep-sloped rainforest along an often un-Pacific ocean.
On a summer day --or even a sunny day in February --it is easy to forget what it takes to make a road in the forest.
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Author’s note: photos and research for this essay are thanks to the amazing Appelo Archives in Naselle, where you can find a wealth of amazing photos and history about our region.
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